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Challenges for evidence syntheses on homicide in a global context

    Data and evidence on violence are a few of the many core elements necessary for prevention. They inform decision-making by policy makers, provide corroboration for claims-makers, and exist as a means of empowerment for advocates and activists. Homicide is a global burden that is unequal in risk and distribution. However, evidence required for prevention is currently fragmented across different systems of knowledge production, creating challenges in the form of missing data.

    Viewed through the sociology of quantification and knowledge production, VISION Co-Investigator Dr Elizabeth Cook, provides methodological and ethical reflections on conducting a global systematic review of sex/gender-disaggregated homicide data. In doing so, she highlights epistemological and ontological differences that risk becoming obscured in global, comparative work on violence. 

    The systematic review she draws on in her critique, Conflating the map with the territory: Challenges for evidence syntheses on homicide in a global context, consisted of a four-step search strategy: electronic database searches, hand searches of statistics, ministry, and police websites, citation tracking, and email survey of statistics offices.

    Studies were included if they reported prevalence data on homicide which was sex/gender-disaggregated (by victim/offender relationship, sexual aspects, and/or motivation) by both women and men. From 194 WHO-recognised countries, data were available for just under half (n = 84). However, there were pronounced differences between countries and regions regarding the availability of data.

    Evidence syntheses are just one way of trying to make sense of this vast body of evidence in a transnational context. Viewed through sociological work on quantification and epistemic communities, Lizzie has provided reflections on a global systematic review to establish the prevalence of sex/gender disaggregated homicide by country, region, and globally. 

    Recommendation

    To avoid conflating the ‘map with the territory’ as others argue, moving towards critical knowledge synthesis as a way to build in contestation and to decenter assumptions of objectivity in the global systematic review of sex/gender-disaggregated homicide data.

    To download: Conflating the map with the territory: Challenges for evidence syntheses on homicide in a global context

    To cite: Cook, E. A. (2025). Conflating the map with the territory: Challenges for evidence syntheses on homicide in a global context. International Sociology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809251336694

    For further information, please contact Lizzie at elizabeth.cook@citystgeorges.ac.uk

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    VISION member awarded UKDS Impact Fellow to study violence and mental health impacts in older age

      Dr Anastasia Fadeeva

      VISION Research Fellow, Dr Anastasia Fadeeva, has been awarded a UK Data Service (UKDS) Fellowship.

      Anastasia’s interest and education in medicine increased her awareness of the impact of social determinants on people’s health. This led to an MSc in Public Health at London Metropolitan University followed by a PhD at Northumbria University and a career in health services and public health research.

      As a UKDS Fellow, Anastasia will look at the issues of violence in older age, the long-term impacts of violence on mental health, and the lack of reliable data.

      For more information about Anastasia and her work, see her blog on the UKDS website or email her at anastasia.fadeeva@citystgeorges.ac.uk.

      The UKDS is funded by the UKRI and houses the largest collection of economic, social and population data in the UK. Its Data Impact Fellowship scheme is for early career researchers in the academic or the voluntary, community, and social enterprise (VSCE) sector. The purpose of the programme is to support impact activities stemming from data-enhanced work. For further information on the UK Data Service please see: UK Data Service

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      Physical health conditions and intimate partner violence: A gendered issue

        Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread global public health issue with serious and long-lasting consequences. While much research has focused on the mental health consequences of IPV, such as depression and PTSD, there is limited evidence on its association with physical health.

        This study explored how different types and number of types of IPV are linked to specific physical health conditions, and whether these associations differ between men and women. VISION researchers Dr Ladan Hashemi, Dr Anastasia Fadeeva and Professor Sally McManus, with Nadia Khan, City St George’s UoL, examined this using data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

        Key findings include:

        • Women were more likely to experience IPV and a higher number of IPV types than men.
        • Women’s experience of lifetime and 12-month IPV were significantly associated with 12 and 11 different physical health conditions, respectively, while men’s experience of lifetime and 12-month IPV were significantly associated with 4 and 1 conditions, respectively.
        • Different types of IPV types were associated with different types of physical health condition, particularly among women.
        • A cumulative association between experiencing a greater number of IPV types and an increased risk of physical health conditions was evident for women but not for men.

        The research concludes that IPV is a gendered issue, with stronger associations between IPV and physical health evident in this data for women than for men. This may be because women are more likely to experience more and multiple types of IPV, more frequently, and more often with injury. Healthcare systems must recognise IPV as a priority issue, ensuring support is tailored to those affected.

        Recommendation

        • Healthcare systems need to address IPV as a priority health issue for the female population. Gender-informed approaches in IPV intervention strategies and healthcare provision are required. This means emphasising the development of IPV-responsive healthcare systems and comprehensive IPV curricula in medical and health training.

        To download the paper: Intimate partner violence and physical health in England: Gender stratified analyses of a probability sample survey – Ladan Hashemi, Anastasia Fadeeva, Nadia Khan, Sally McManus, 2025

        To cite: Hashemi L, Fadeeva A, Khan N, McManus S. Intimate partner violence and physical health in England: Gender stratified analyses of a probability sample survey. Women’s Health. 2025;21. doi:10.1177/17455057251326419

        For further information, please contact Ladan at ladan.hashemi@citystgeorges.ac.uk

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        Synthetic datasets enable linkage and a longitudinal understanding of experiences of violence and health impacts and consequences

          Violence is a complex social problem and a public health issue, with implications for the health and social care systems, police and justice systems, as well as significant productivity losses for those who experience it. Analysing data collected by these systems can aid understanding of the problem of violence and how to respond to it. In social research, analysing administrative records together with survey data has already enabled better measurements of violence and its costs, capturing experiences of both victim-survivors and perpetrators across multiple points in time and social and economic domains.

          Ideally, data from the same individuals would enable linkage and a longitudinal understanding of experiences of violence and their (health) impacts and consequences. However, most studies in violence-related research analyse data in silo due to difficulties in accessing data and concerns for the safety of those exposed. This is particularly the case for data from third sector specialist support services for victims or perpetrators of violence which has, to VISION’s knowledge, not been linked or combined with other datasets. Because these services provide person-centred trauma-informed care and there is a risk that information on their service users may be used against them in courts or by immigration authorities, direct data linkage is not possible and alternatives are needed.

          With this research, VISION researchers Dr Estela Capelas Barbosa, Dr Niels Blom, and Dr Annie Bunce provide a proof-of-concept synthetic dataset by combining data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and administrative data from Rape Crisis England and Wales (RCEW), pertaining to victim-survivors of sexual violence in adulthood. Intuitively, the idea was to impute missing information from one dataset by borrowing the distribution from the other.

          The researchers borrowed information from CSEW to impute missing data in the RCEW administrative dataset, creating a combined synthetic RCEW-CSEW dataset. Using look-alike modelling principles, they provide an innovative and cost-effective approach to exploring patterns and associations in violence-related research in a multi-sectorial setting.

          Methodologically, they approached data integration as a missing data problem to create a synthetic combined dataset. Multiple imputation with chained equations were employed to collate/impute data from the two different sources. To test whether this procedure was effective, they compared regression analyses for the individual and combined synthetic datasets for a variety of variables.

          Results show that the effect sizes for the combined dataset reflect those from the dataset used for imputation. The variance is higher, resulting in fewer statistically significant estimates. VISION’s approach reinforces the possibility of combining administrative with survey datasets using look-alike methods to overcome existing barriers to data linkage.

          Recommendations

          • Imputing missing information from one dataset by borrowing the distribution from the other should be applicable for costing exercises as it permits micro-costing. 
          • Compared to traditional research, VISION’s proposed approach to data integration offers a cost-effective solution to breaking (data-related) silos in research.

          To download the paper: Look-alike modelling in violence-related research: A missing data approach | PLOS One

          To cite: Barbosa EC, Blom N, Bunce A (2025) Look-alike modelling in violence-related research: A missing data approach. PLoS ONE 20(1): e0301155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301155

          For further information, please contact Estela at e.capelasbarbosa@bristol.ac.uk

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          Call for Frontiers in Sociology abstracts: Enhancing data collection and integration to Reduce health harms and inequalities linked to violence

            Frontiers in Sociology is currently welcoming submissions of original research for the following research topic: Enhancing Data Collection and Integration to Reduce Health Harms and Inequalities Linked to Violence.

            This edition is guest-edited by Dr Estela Capelas Barbosa (University of Bristol and the UKPRP VISION research consortium), Dr Annie Bunce (City St. George’s, UoL and the UKPRP VISION research consortium), and Katie Smith (City St. George’s, UoL / University of Bristol).

            Submissions should focus on any of the following:

            • advancing measurement approaches which emphasise cross-sector harmonisation to better evaluate interventions, address health inequalities, and reduce violence
            • addressing any form of violence (e.g., physical, non-physical, technology-facilitated) and its impacts on health, social and economic well-being, and marginalised groups, considering intersections of age, gender, ethnicity, disability, and religion

            Research using existing datasets or primary data (quantitative or qualitative), cross-sectoral and cross-disciplinary approaches (e.g., sociology, criminology, public health), and lived experience perspectives is encouraged.

            Contributions may include conceptual reviews, methodological innovations, empirical studies and systematic reviews on themes such as health inequalities, intervention effectiveness, outcome measurement, data harmonisation, and linkage strategies.

            Abstracts are due by 7th April 2025, and the deadline for manuscripts is 28th July 2025.

            For details of the different article types accepted and associated costs, please follow this link https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sociology/for-authors/publishing-fees.

            For more information and to submit an abstract or manuscript, please use the “I’m interested” link below or visit the Research Topic page here https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/67291/enhancing-data-collection-and-integration-to-reduce-health-harms-and-inequalities-linked-to-violence. 

            This special edition provides an excellent opportunity to advance knowledge in this critical area. Please do reach out and contact us if you have any questions: annie.bunce@city.ac.uk

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            Implications of changing domestic abuse measurement on the Crime Survey for England & Wales

              The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is making a major decision this month on the future of Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) Domestic abuse measurement and monitoring.

              Last year, ONS ran an experiment where half of the CSEW sample got the domestic abuse module used since 2005, and the other half got a new module that is not comparable with the previous one. ONS intend to move over entirely to the new module in the next data collection (2025/26).

              Loss of the existing module has major implications: it is world-leading, uses globally comparable items, and with trend data going back to 2005. Without consistently administered core items from that module, it will no longer be possible to:

              • Produce long-term trends over time in domestic abuse for England and Wales.
              • Group a decade of survey years together to have enough cases to robustly examine domestic abuse in particular regions, minoritised groups, and by other protected characteristics for many years. This is essential for understanding inequalities in violence and subsequent service contact, and whether these are changing.

              The new module is problematic for many reasons:

              • Is not a standardised measure, has undergone little validation or psychometric testing, and is not comparable with anything used previously or in any other country or study.  
              • It separates data collection between former and current partner based on relationship status at the time of the interview, not at the time of abuse. This distinction creates confusion for interpretation of analysis and may be misinterpreted. The distinction is also problematic for classification of casual and other relationship types.
              • The overhaul of the module was intended to align measurement with the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 definition, but it appears that domestic abuse as recognised by that Act cannot be identified by this module.

              We urgently recommend that before losing this world-leading time series and relying on an untested, not comparable, and flawed new approach to DA measurement in England and Wales, that ONS:

              1. Pause: continue the split-sample data collection for one more year.
              2. Test the new approach: fully compare data collected using the new and old modules data so the validity and utility of the new measures can be evaluated appropriately, and its impact on inequalities assessed.
              3. Publish these results publicly: and fully consult once stakeholders understand all the implications of having data collected in each way before the decision to roll out new data collection is finalised.
              4. With this information, then compare all options: such as maintaining some of the existing questions alongside adding new coercive control items. This straightforward approach would ensure the utility of the survey for national trends (in both England and Wales) and analysis of inequalities and minoritised groups, while also improving the measurement of coercive control.

              We urge others who feel similarly to contact ONS at CrimeStatistics@ons.gov.uk  or contact us at VISION_Management_Team@city.ac.uk if you would like to discuss.

              Note that ONS is planning a raft of further changes with similar implications for trends and analysis of minoritised groups, including:

              • Removal of the sexual victimisation module from next data collection (2025/26), with redevelopment at some future date.
              • Removal and redevelopment of the nature of partner abuse questions, which cover DA survivors service use and police contact and are essential to understanding whether some groups are underserved by services.

              These will further undermine continuity of data for trends and the ability to analyse minoritised groups or by protected characteristics.

              For researchers interested in combining CSEW waves to enable robust analysis of inequalities by protected characteristics and for minoritised groups, VISION researcher Niels Blom has published syntax: https://vision.city.ac.uk/news/new-possibilities-created-by-crime-survey-wave-integration/.

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              Natural Language Processing: Interrogating free text in mental healthcare records to capture experiences of violence

                Violence can be categorised in a variety of ways for example physical, sexual, emotional, and domestic but all cause significant physical and mental morbidity within general populations. Individuals with a severe mental illness have been found to be significantly more likely to experience domestic, physical, and sexual violence compared to the general population. For these individuals, experiences of violence are important risk factors however, this is not routinely collected by mental health services.

                In general data on all forms of violence has been inadequately available from healthcare records. This is partly due to the lack of routine enquiry by professionals at points of clinical contact, and partly because instances of violence are difficult to identify in healthcare data in the absence of specific coding systems.

                A general challenge for using health records data for research is that the most valuable and granular information is frequently contained in text fields (e.g., routine case notes, clinical correspondence) rather than in pre-structured fields; this includes mentions of violence whether experienced as a victim or perpetrated. Capturing violence experiences across mental healthcare settings can be challenging because most instances are likely to be recorded as unstructured text data. Therefore, natural language processing (NLP), is increasingly in use to extract information automatically from unstructured text in electronic health records, particularly in mental healthcare, on clinical entities.

                Dr Ava Mason from Kings College London and VISION researchers Professor Robert Stewart, Dr Angus Roberts, Dr Lifang Li, and Dr Vishal Bhavsar worked with colleagues to apply NLP across different clinical samples to investigate mentions of violence. They ascertained recorded violence victimisation from the records of 60,021 patients receiving care from a large south London NHS mental healthcare provider during 2019. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to investigate variation by age, sex, ethnic group, and diagnostic category.

                Results showed that patients with a mood disorder, personality disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder or PTSD had a significantly increased likelihood of victimisation compared to those with other mental health diagnoses. Additionally, patients from minority ethnic groups for Black and Asian had significantly higher likelihood of recorded violence victimisation compared to White groups. Males were significantly less likely to have reported recorded violence victimisation than females.

                The researchers demonstrated the successful deployment of machine learning based NLP algorithms to ascertain important entities for outcome prediction in mental healthcare. The observed distributions highlight which sex, ethnicity and diagnostic groups had more records of violence victimisation. Further development of these algorithms could usefully capture broader experiences, such as differentiating more efficiently between witnessed, perpetrated and experienced violence and broader violence experiences like emotional abuse.

                To download the paper: Frontiers | Applying neural network algorithms to ascertain reported experiences of violence in routine mental healthcare records and distributions of reports by diagnosis

                To cite: Mason AJC, Bhavsar V, Botelle R, Chandran D, Li L, Mascio A, Sanyal J, Kadra-Scalzo G, Roberts A, Williams M, Stewart R. Applying neural network algorithms to ascertain reported experiences of violence in routine mental healthcare records and distributions of reports by diagnosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024 Sep 10. doi:103389/fpsyt.2024.1181739

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                Deputy Chief Constable awarded Practitioner in Residence at Violence and Society Centre

                  Katy Barrow-Grint, Deputy Chief Constable, Gloucestershire

                  City St George’s, UoL, offers a Practitioner in Residence programme at the School for Policy and Global Affairs. It is for mid-level and senior policy practitioners within the UK and provides a platform to grow and explore their practice in partnership with the school.

                  Katy Barrow-Grint, Deputy Chief Constable in Gloucestershire and an executive leader in national policing, became aware of the opportunity via her work with VISION Senior Research Fellow, Dr Ruth Weir,  on the VISION adolescent domestic abuse (ADA) research programme. Having recently written a book entitled ‘Policing Domestic Abuse’ with Ruth and others, the research identified a national gap academically and in policing with how ADA is understood.

                  Katy’s focus will be on how police constabularies document ADA and developing a better understanding of the impact of the statutory age limitations on the practical work police officers do on the front line.

                  Forces do not routinely record ADA as the statutory guidance states that domestic abuse occurs in relationships where both parties are aged 16 or over. As a result, whilst crimes against young people will be recorded and investigated, they are not necessarily classified as domestic abuse, and it may be that child protection, domestic abuse or front-line response teams deal with the case.

                  Her project work will seek to understand how forces are recording such incidents, and what type of officer and role is investigating. Katy will work with policing nationally through the National Police Chief‘s Council (NPCC) domestic abuse and child protection portfolios and collate an up-to-date picture across all forces in England and Wales to understand how they are recording and who is investigating ADA.

                  Katy is also undertaking specific localised work in Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire and Northumbria, hosting roundtables with Dr Ruth Weir and  practitioners from all relevant agencies to gain a qualitative understanding of the problems staff encounter when dealing with ADA.

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                  VAWG data dashboard consultation highlights usefulness of tool

                    The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) developed a prototype violence against women and girls (VAWG) data dashboard in 2022. The webpages presented statistics and charts on violence against women and girls in England and Wales, drawing on multiple sources. However, due to reprioritisation at ONS, maintenance of the dashboard stopped and as of April 2024 it was no longer accessible.

                    VISION developed a consultation to ascertain the usefulness of a VAWG data dashboard as a result. The call was open from March to May 2024, and 102 responses were received. Most participants responded in their capacity as individuals (n=61), although 25 stated that they were responding on behalf of an organisation and four on behalf of a group. Some participants both responded as an individual and on behalf of an organisation or group.

                    Consultation participants responded as people from across a variety of roles and sectors. The
                    most commonly cited were working in research or education (n=40) and in policy or planning
                    (n=28), 27 people responded as someone with lived experience and 13 as members of the
                    public. The remainder comprised those in service provision (n=17), a campaign role (n=10) or
                    some other capacity (8).

                    Consultation results

                    Many participants had heard of the data dashboard before the VISION consultation (n=51), although 28 reported that they had not. Of those who had heard of the dashboard before, most had made use of it (n=39).

                    Most participants reported that having a dashboard that brought together data on violence
                    and abuse would help them either ‘somewhat’ (n=12) or ‘a lot’ (n=39).

                    Participants were asked what they found to be useful about the data dashboard:

                    • Data discovery
                    • Finding data and finding it faster
                    • Breakdowns and local profiles
                    • Comparisons
                    • Authoritative context
                    • Source material

                    Participants were asked for their thoughts on the limitations or what was missing from the dashboard:

                    • Wider coverage in relation to topics (health, disability, suicide, law, family courts, policy), types of violence and abuse (homicide, forced marriage, sexual violence), and particular groups (men, perpetrators)
                    • Deeper context in terms of much more nuanced contextual discussion of what the data means, ‘data without context is misleading’
                    • Critical interrogation such as the highlight of methodological limitations
                    • Interactive functionality with more scope for further breakdowns by local authority areas and police forces for example
                    • Improved search function
                    • Positive action such as a ‘section about work being done to support victims/reduce cases’
                    • Human stories meaning to go beyond numbers and to tell the human stories that underpin them

                    Recommendations

                    Through this consultation, approximately 100 people told VISION that a VAWG data dashboard is
                    something that they valued having and wish to have again. These included people with lived
                    experience of violence and abuse, people working in health, justice, specialist and other
                    services, researchers and academics across disciplines, and members of the wider public.

                    A violence and abuse data dashboard is needed because it has:

                    • Symbolic value: indicating that violence against women and girls matters to the
                      Government, and
                    • Practical value: as a functional and easy to use tool facilitating access to high
                      quality data spanning a range of types of violence, groups, areas and years.

                    In April 2024, ONS’ prototype VAWG data dashboard was withdrawn due to reprioritisation of
                    resources within that organisation. Since then, a new Government has come into office with a
                    stated mission to halve violence against women and girls within the decade. How progress towards this commitment is monitored will be essential to its success. General population health and crime surveys, alongside other data sources, will be key and that includes a revitalised, fit for purpose VAWG data dashboard. To instill trust and collective investment in this goal, a public platform for transparent monitoring is needed and the dashboard could be an effective, useful tool.

                    Next steps

                    VISION is a cross-sectoral consortium of academics and government and service partners
                    working with UK data on violence and abuse. We are aware that further development and relaunching of a data dashboard will require a collaborative effort from relevant departments of
                    state, data providers (not least ONS) and external funding. Drawing on our work in this area
                    we aim to coordinate this effort, with three initial objectives:

                    • Resource: Identify partners and funding source(s)
                    • Define: Agree clear definitions to best capture and monitor subgroup and temporal
                      trends in VAWG and violent crime in the population
                    • Design and test a revised violence and abuse data dashboard with people from
                      across sectors

                    To download the report:

                    Consultation: Is there a need for a Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) data dashboard

                    Or for further information, please contact Sally at sally.mcmanus@city.ac.uk

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                    The story so far: Co-production in Lambeth

                      By Elizabeth Cook, Senior Lecturer in Criminology & Sociology at City St George’s, University of London

                      As the VISION consortium approaches the end of its third year, work continues on consolidating the learning from various large datasets in crime and justice, health, and specialist services.

                      What we know is that these datasets are structured in different ways, collected by different agencies, and curated for quite different purposes. They represent particular ways of knowing about violence and abuse: they can help to identify patterns (e.g., what determines whether victim-survivors of sexual violence and abuse access support), prevalence (e.g., of workplace bullying and harassment), trends over time, and associations (e.g., between intimate partner violence, suicidality, and self-harm). However, we also know that large datasets struggle to capture the complex, and sometimes messy, realities of violence and abuse experienced by communities, especially those that are marginalised and minoritised.

                      Peer action research in Lambeth

                      In Lambeth, working in collaboration with peer researchers has made visible the evidence gaps that emerge at the intersection of multiple systems of inequality, including racism and misogyny.

                      We are lucky to be partnered with Lambeth Peer Action Collective (LPAC), High Trees and Partisan as part of a peer action research project. The aim of the project is to explore the role that trusted adults and trusted spaces can play in protecting young people from exposure to violence. Currently, there are 11 peer researchers that work as part of the LPAC: a collective of young people and youth organisations campaigning for change in their community. They are supported by High Trees, a Community Development Trust in Tulse Hill, eight partner youth organisations, and Partisan, a Black-led Community Interest Company providing culturally sensitive mental health support.

                      What has been achieved so far?

                      The project builds upon research conducted by the previous cohort of LPAC researchers conducted between December 2021 and August 2022. This project identified the impacts of violence on young people in Lambeth and the structural conditions of poverty, housing, education, urban regeneration, and public safety that were experienced unequally across the community.

                      Developing these findings further, the second cohort of peer researchers have been participating in weekly research training sessions led by High Trees and supported by VISION. The group has been learning everything they need for the next stage: from safeguarding and finances, to developing research questions, critical thinking skills, and how to evaluate research methods. This month, the LPAC researchers are getting ready to put into practice the interview skills that they have been learning each week in preparation for the next stage of the project – recruitment.

                      There has been amazing progress so far – not only in forming a research question and defining key concepts, but in developing a shared space for researchers to feel like change is possible and to collaborate with others who want the same.

                      What have we learned?

                      There are ongoing conversations about how peer action research can work to redress the imbalance between ‘researcher’ and ‘researched.’ These conversations seem even more relevant to research on violence and abuse, where the issue of power is central to both.

                      So far, the weekly sessions with peer researchers as well as our meetings with High Trees have taught us a lot about how power operates within institutions and the ways that it can be shared if there is a will to share it. This can be reflected in adequate resourcing, decision-making, access, and sharing skills and knowledge. The project has underlined the importance of respect in research: for different forms of expertise, within spaces, and within research relationships. The project has also challenged adult-centric assumptions about what we suppose that young people need to live better lives.

                      As mentioned previously, this project highlights the evidence gaps that occur at the intersection of multiple inequalities. In doing so, peer action research can also shape how we utilise large datasets, recognising how different social realities are reflected within existing data (or not).

                      In this sense, this collaboration has also made hyper-visible the question of: what and who is research for? As others have suggested, action research is not so much a methodology, but a way of thinking about research: it is a way of approaching a specific problem through community, participation, and curiosity. It is not necessarily driven by knowing more about something, but by wanting to change something with what you know.

                      We hope that this research continues in that spirit!

                      Further information

                      Do check out the LPAC’s manifesto for change and their previous report!

                       Photograph is copyrighted to Lambeth Peer Action Collective and not for use.